The Professors of the Radical University: Fisk Brewer

Fisk Brewer on December 1, 1854
From Diane Gravlee via findagrave 

Undated photo of Fisk P. Brewer
From Wilma Spice via findagrave

Fisk Parsons Brewer (b. October 19, 1832; d. January 25, 1890)
İzmir, Turkey.  White.
Education: Yale University (A.B.)
Occupation: teacher.

Fisk Brewer was born in İzmir, Turkey (then known as Smyrna) to Josiah and Emelia Ann Field Brewer.  The Brewers were an old, distinguished New England family.  An ancestor of Josiah served as an officer in the 7th Connecticut Regiment during the Revolutionary War. Emelia was the daughter of Congregational clergyman and writer David Dudley Field.  Her brother David Dudley, Jr. was a U.S. Congressman, another brother Stephen Johnson was an Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, and a third brother Cyrus West was a successful businessman who played a major role in laying the first telegraph cable across the Atlantic Ocean.  Fisk's own brother David Josiah became an Associate Justice.

Josiah was a Yale-educated Congregational minster.  He and Emelia served as missionaries in Smyrna and Istanbul.  In 1830, two years before Fisk was born, Josiah and Emelia returned to Turkey for a second time as missionaries, this time for the Ladies Greek Association of New Haven, Connecticut.  The Brewers had originally planned to work in Greece, but ended up staying in Smyrna due a combination of personal and political circumstances.  In the city, they opened and ran a school for girls, and Josiah lectured at the Greek college.

The Brewers lived in Turkey until 1838, when Fisk was six years old.  They then returned to American and lived in Connecticut.  Around 1841, the father Josiah became an agent for the American Anti-Slavery Society and served as editor for an anti-slavery newspaper.  In 1847, Josiah helped found the American Missionary Association (or AMA), an abolitionist society.

Fisk attended Hopkins Grammar School in New Haven, Connecticut and then enrolled at Yale University in 1848.  He graduated in 1852.  At Yale, he was well-regarded as a scholar.  Of Fisk, one classmate wrote in a 1892 alumni publication:

Naturally very gifted, he by diligence and discipline added to his attainments, and from the very first was among the best scholars in our class.  He was above all things a student; so much so, indeed, that most of us knew of him in no other character.  He lived among us, but was not of us; a man of books, not of sports.  And yet of the man who was so nearly a recluse, those who knew him well confidently assert that he was of large and sympathetic soul, and took much and generous interest in all his classmates and in all their varied ways.

After graduating, Fisk taught for a year in Newark, New Jersey. He then moved to Wisconsin to serve as a classics tutor at Beloit College.  The move was a natural one as Beloit was closely affiliated with Yale during its early years.  (The first college president was a Yale graduate, for example.) However, Fisk only spent a year there and then returned to New England.

Upon returning to New England, Fisk worked as a Greek tutor at Yale. He evidently was unpopular with some students.  In 1856, a group of about twenty students attacked him.  They broke into his private quarters, vandalized his room, and struck him with a club and fists.  The assault made national news.  College authorities held an investigation which resulting in the expulsion of several students and the suspension of others. 

Despite the incident at Yale, Fisk would continue to work there as a tutor for several years, until 1858. Fisk then left the United States for Europe.  Most of his time was spent studying Greek in Athens, Greece, but he also visited Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Constantinople.  He returned to the America after a year.  On his return trip, he passed through France and Germany.

In America, Fisk returned to teaching in New Haven. He first taught at the Theological Institute at Yale and then, in 1864, he taught history at Yale's Sheffield Scientific School.

In 1859 (his first year back in the US), Fisk attended the semi-annual meeting of the American Oriental Society. This was the start of a close relation with the society that he would maintain for much of his life. The meeting was held in New York City during October.  At the meeting, Fisk delivered the talk "On an Unpublished Greek Inscription."

The next year the society met in New Haven, where Fisk was living. Fisk gave another talk, this time on Modern Greek.  His talk was titled "On the Vocabulary of the Modern Greek Language" Fisk argued that many words in Modern Greek are essentially the same as in Ancient Greek, and he discussed exceptional examples of Greek words with a different origin.  He concluded his talk by reflecting on efforts to make Ancient Greek the literary language of modern Greece and how the language should be expected to develop. These last points generated much discussion after his talk.

In 1861, Fisk gave the talk "A Latin Inscription, found on the supposed site of Lystra, in Phryia" at the American Oriental Society's meeting.  The year after, he spoke "On New English Words."  In his talk, Fisk presented some new English words he had encountered and used them to illustrate some ideas about language development.  All the topics he discussed at these meetings, ancient languages, Modern Greek, and new English words, were topics that he maintained interest in throughout his life.

Fisk also published an academic article the year after he returned to the US. The article "Roman family coins in the Yale College collection"  describes some Roman coins that had recently been acquired by Yale.  It was published in The University Quarterly, a journal that published articles by professors and college students.

Around 1860, Fisk began to suffer from symptoms of tuberculosis.  The illness would severely impact his health for the remainder of his life.  To improve his health, doctors advised Fisk to move to a warmer climate.  Following this medical advice, Fisk began looking for jobs in the South.  In 1865, he wrote to the AMA expressing interest in a teaching position:

Do you know of any place in the South where the people want a teacher to give instruction in higher branches—where they would accept a Northern man and could support him? If I can find a good place away from the sea-coast, I am much inclined to enter into that goodly land. My hope would be that I might also help in elevating and guiding the freedmen.

Later that year Fisk achieved his goal of teaching in the South, albeit not "in the higher branches." Fisk moved to Raleigh, NC and taught at a Freedman's school. The details of his work are somewhat confused.  AMA records show that Fisk was employed by them, but he also served as the North Carolina general agent for another relief organization, the American Freedmen's and Union Commission.

Fisk taught first  at the Washington Public School and then at the state School for the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind.  Fisk advocated for racially integrating classes. He explained his perspective in an April, 1866 letter that was published in the American Union Commission's journal The American Freedman.  In the letter, he argued that poor whites needed education as badly as freedpeople.  The poor whites had also suffered under slavery and would become resentful of freedpeople unless they were offered comparable support.  However, in Fisk's experience, it was difficult to do this because many poor whites would not send their kids to school for fear that they would attend classes with blacks.  Overcoming this prejudice, Fisk thought, was an important task for the American Union Commission.

Fisk's attempt to teach integrated classes in Raleigh was a failure.  Both black and whites disliked integration, so he ended up teaching blacks exclusively.

Fisk was ostracized by many white residents for teaching blacks and for advocating for integrated education. Representative of Fisk's reception by white North Carolinians is a newspaper description of him as

a lantern-jawed, Puritanical, whining teacher of a [expletive deleted] school in Raleigh.

Along similar lines, in a newspaper letter, one North Carolinian said that Fisk was

the embodiment of a New England Yankee: lank, cadaverous, and sharp-nosed. . . . His gait is as rapid as if a silver dollar lay at the end of his every journey. He is a Congregationalist in faith and an ardent [expletive deleted]-worshipper in practice

In 1869, Fisk moved to Chapel Hill to work as a Professor of Greek Language and Literature at the University of North Carolina.  Fisk's employment was been made possible by political changes that had occurred the previous year.  The university had remained open for the duration of the Civil War, but the war devastated the university's finances. In 1867, the state government made plans to reorganize the university to restore financial stability.               

The plans to reorganize took an unanticipated turn in 1868.  That year saw the state constitution revised and the Conservative state governor replaced by a Republican.  Among other changes, the revision to the constitution took control of the university from the state legislature and gave it to the governor.  The university was viewed as a center of Conservatism, so the change in governorship resulted in an ally of university being replaced by an enemy.  The new governor used his power and the need for reorganization as an opportunity to dismiss all university faculty and replace them with faculty sympathetic to Republican politics.  Fisk was one of the new professors brought in.

Fisk was recommended to the UNC trustees by Yale President Woolsey. Woolsey's letter of support, which was published in newspapers, described Fisk as an "excellent" Greek scholar with "a knowledge of mathematics and ancient inscriptions which very few any where can equal." He added that Fisk was also an "excellent mathematician and astronomer." 

Fisk was hired on January 12, 1869 and started teaching on March 3, when the university reopened under its new faculty.  The university almost immediately faced difficulties.  It struggled to attract students and continued to experience financial problems.  On December 1, 1870, the trustees voted to cut off faculty salaries and suspend classes. Fisk remained at the university until at least April, but by that time, he was the sole professor left and was only teaching two students.  

Fisk was not paid for his last several months of teaching.  He and his family later took legal action against the state government to recover the wages.  Legal action dragged out until at least 1895, five years after Fisk's death.  It is unclear if the family ever recovered anything. 

While the reorganization of UNC was a failure, Fisk made productive use of his time there.  He published a history of the university library, a short biography of former UNC President David Lowry Swain, and a note on unusual usages of English in North Carolina. In Summer, 1871, he traveled to New York to present his paper "Criticism of Grotis' account of the retreat of the Ten Thousand" at the Philological Convention. Under the title "Inaccuracies of Grotis' account of the retreat of the Ten Thousand", this work was also presented at the annual meeting of the American Philological Association.  The meeting was held in November, 1871 in New Haven, CT.  Fisk was unable to attend, so the talk was delivered by James Hadley, a Professor of Greek at Yale.

Fisk likely was unable to attend the November meeting of the American Philological Association because he was planning to go abroad.  Around late November, 1871, he left the US for the Greek port of Piraeus to serve as U.S. Consul.  At the time, Piraeus was not a very active port, so the position provided Fisk with ample time to explore his interest in Ancient and Modern Greek.  He contributed articles on current affairs in Greece to U.S. publications.  In March, 1873, he published an account of archaeological discoveries in Athens.  A construction project had unearthed ruins which were believed to be public baths built by the Romans, possibly during Hadrian's reign. A letter Fisk wrote on this and other archaeological work was read at the May, 1873 meeting of the American Oriental Society.

While in Greece, he was visited by Thomas D. Seymour and Martin L. D'Ooge, two professors of Greek.  He accompanied them on a tour of the interior of Greece.  Many years later, Professor Seymour fondly recalled both Fisk's "delightful companionship" during the tour and the kindness he showed them.

Fisk had returned to the U.S. by Summer, 1873. In July, he traveled to Easton, Pennsylvania to attend the annual meeting of the American Philological Association.  He gave two talks about work related to his time in Greece.  In his first talk, titled "Recent excavations in Athens," he described some archeological discoveries such as the ones discussed in his March article.  He also gave the talk "The Acquisition of a Double Mother-Tongue."  This talk discussed early language acquisition as he observed it in children in Athens who learned both Modern Greek and a second language like English or German. Among other observations, he noticed that a child tends to favor using one language in specific circumstances (e.g. using Greek at the market and English at home).  

By Fall, Fisk had returned to North Carolina, but he did not remain there long.  Fisk was elected to the Professorship of Ancient Languages and Literature at the University of South Carolina on October 6, 1873.  He replaced William J. Rivers who had resigned on October 3. Professor Rivers had been one of the Antebellum faculty,  On the same day that Rivers resigned, Professors Faber and Barnwell were dismissed.  The replacement of Rivers by Fisk may have been planned in advance as Fisk had visited Columbia a month earlier, on September 5th.

Fisk's election as a USC professor got a mixed reception from white Conservatives.  The Camden Journal expressed sorrow at the changes taking place at USC but acknowledged that Fisk had a reputation as "a scholar of considerable attainments."  The Daily Phoenix, on the other hand, reprinted an article from the Raleigh Sentinel that was highly critical of Fisk.  The article described Fisk's move to South Carolina as General Sherman's march in reverse and predicted that "his presence will be as destroying to that old institution of learning as Sherman's was to vegetation, forage and fence."

In North Carolina, several newspapers noted his election to the USC professorship and used this as an opportunity to criticism him further. The Wilmington Journal noted that the Daily Pheonix had announced Fisk's election as USC professor and had positively reported on his qualifications. The Wilmington Journal  described Fisk's record in North Carolina in a mockingly and derisive manner. For example, the newspaper reported, "Of his attainments as a scholar we know nothing. Upon the negro question he is rather a bigot and a fanatic than a hypocrite." 

The Raleigh Daily Sentinel published an article that began by describing Fisk as a "prominent carpetbagger" and "spectacled negrophilist." It described his his election as professor as the outcome his having 

conspired with other negro-worshippers to Africanize the University of our hapless sister State, and have at length succeeded in as thoroughly destroying that Nobel institution, as Fisk... and others succeeded in ruining the University at Chapel Hill.

 The paper mockingly described Fisk as well-suited to his new professorship: 

Who can doubt for an instant (that has seen him) the perfect adaptation – the singular fitness of the learned and brilliant Brewer for imparting Greek culture to the grinning Gorillas, whose company he has kept, and whose nature, characteristic idiosyncrasies and social habits and proclivities he has so closely and lovingly studied since his first invasion of the South?"

The article concludes with a series of petty criticisms of Fisk's conduct while faculty at UNC. It accused him of improperly cutting down some trees on campus for his personal use and of stealing items like furniture and carpets from university buildings before he left.

At the University of South Carolina, Fisk appear to have been well-regarded by students.  Writing in 1911, former USC student C. C. Scott said that Fisk was "as perfect a Christian as I have ever met. His scholarship was country-wide. . . .  A ripe scholar, his reputation was made before he entered upon his work in South Carolina."

While in South Carolina, Fisk remained engaged in scholarship.  In May, 1874, he gave the talk "On a Greek Inscription from near Beirut" at semi-annual meeting of the American Oriental Society in Boston. In his talk, he proposed a revision to a translation of a Greek inscription that had recently been found in the Middle East.

Fisk was even more active in the American Philological Association. He delivered a talk on a fragment of medieval Latin he found in the USC library at a July, 1874 meeting in Hartford, CT, on "The English suffix ist" at a July, 1875 meeting in Newport, RI,  and on "Section 262 of Demosthenes' De Corona" at a July, 1876 meeting in New York City.  He also served on the society's Executive Committee.  In addition to his work with the association, he continued his interest in numismatics and published an article on the coins of modern Greece.

In 1876, Fisk wrote an account of his time at USC.  This account includes the following thoughtful defense of the admission of African American students:

Education makes a gentleman. The black boy who has solved all the knotty problems in arithmetic, who can explain the cube root and compute the value of partial payments, who has learned the long paradigms of Greek and Latin, and read in the original of Caesar's wars and of Xenophon's march, Cicero's patriotic orations and the poetry of Virgil and Homer's no longer a corn field negro. He has a platform of common knowledge and sentiment with his white classmate. Either there is no virtue in the humanities, or he has acquired something of true courtesy. He presses his society on no one who declines it. He regards the feelings of others with whom he has any relations. It may seem strange to those who have never seen such a sight, but it is true that most of the advanced students of color now in the University to-day are gentlemen, and deserve to be treated as such. It is an insult to both colored and white to stigmatize the institution as a "miscegenation university". Young men here have the same feelings as young men elsewhere.

Fisk left South Carolina after the 1877 closure of the university.  Drawing on the professional contacts he had made through the American Philological Association, he was able to secure the chair of Greek at Iowa College (now Grinnell College).

In Iowa, Fisk taught classics and German.  He helped bring two African Americans students, Hannibal Kershaw and Whitfield McKinlay, from USC to Iowa. Both Hannibal and Whitfield lived with Fisk while they were students.  Hannibal was the first African American to graduate from Iowa College, and the campus building Kershaw Hall is named in his honor.

Sadly, Fisk's health declined while he was in Iowa.  During this time, he was largely bedridden and had to use a wheelchair even for trips to class or to church. In 1883, failing health forced him to give up teaching.

Despite his health problems, Fisk maintained an impressive level of scholarly activity.  He remained engaged with the American Oriental Society and the American Philological Association.  Declining health limited his ability to attend meeting, but he was able to submit letters that were presented by other scholars.  The talks focused on the topics that had interested him throughout his scholarly career: Modern and Ancient Greek, new English words, and classical studies. He also published several scholarly papers.

The illness that had troubled Fisk since 1860 finally took his life 1890.  His death was announced nationally in newspapers.  Despite his health problems, Fisk was a valued member of the Iowa College community.  College President Magoun wrote that Fisk was

as strong intellectually as he was feeble, of extraordinary attainments in several learned specialties, at home in Modern Greek as in Ancient, and in the linguistic transition from the one to the other, following a classical recitation with utmost keenness when he could scarcely breath, a humble, tender-hearted, refined, cheerful Christian believer, he gave us eminent evidence for thirteen sufferings years, how brilliancy of mind and fervor of faith can conquer and command the body. 

The American Philological Association announced his death and published appreciations of his scholarly accomplishments.  Professor D'Ooge wrote

During years of failing health, Professor Brewer kept alive his interest in philological studies. There was something pathetic in his scholarly enthusiasm and zeal for teaching, sustained in the midst of a losing struggle with a fatal disease. He was a man of great simplicity of character and singular devotion to scholarship.

Fisk is buried in Hazelwood Cemetery in Grinnell, Iowa.

Fisk P. Brewer circa 1880
From "Among These American Heathens"

Fisk P. Brewer circa 1888
From Wilma Spice via findagrave

Publications by Brewer
1). Roman family coins in the Yale College collection. (New Haven, Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor, Printers, 1860).

1). "Editorial Correspondence: Note on Soli of Cilicia, with an Inscription." Bibliotheca Sacra, Vol XVII (1860), No. LXV. p. 199–200.

1). "Editorial Correspondence: Unpublished Inscriptions from Sparta, Thessalonica, Philippi, and Berytus." Bibliotheca Sacra, Vol. LXX (1860), No. LXV. pp. 442–449.

2). "The Earliest New York Token,"   The Historical Magazine, and Notes and Queries concerning the Antiquities and Biography of America, vol. 5 (October, 1861) 294-295.

2). "On an Ancient Coin." The Crescent Monthly, 1866. Vol I, No 3. New Orleans: Wm. Evelyn & Co. pp. 131–132.

3). The Library of the University of North Carolina. North Carolina?., 1870?. 8 pages ; 24 cm.

4). Memoir of Hon. David Lowry Swain, LL.D.  (Boston, David Clark & Son, 1870).

5) "Inaccuracies in Grote's Narrative of the Retreat of the Ten Thousand," PAPA 2 (1871) 4-5

6). Peculiar usages of English--observed in North Carolina in Nation (New York, N.Y. : 1865). Number 400 (Feb. 27, 1873).

7) "The acquisition of a double mother-tongue." PAPA 4 (1872). p. 21.

8). "ARCHÆOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES IN ATHENS." The College Courant 12, no. 16 (1873): 181.

9) "Recent excavations in Athens." PAPA 4 (1874). p. 25.

10) "On a MS of Medieval Latin" PAPA 5 (1874). p. 5.

11) "The English suffix ist." PAPA 6 (1875). p. 28.

12) "Demosthenes' De Corona, S262" PAPA 7 (1876). p. 41

13) "The modern Greek language in Cyprus." PAPA 8 (1877). p. 9.

14). Coins and Current of Modern Greece.  (Boston, reprinted from the American Journal of Numismatics, 1877).

15). with William P. Vaughn. "South Carolina University: 1876." The South Carolina Historical Magazine 76, no. 4 (1975): 225-31.

16).  "A WOODEN MEDALLION." American Journal of Numismatics, and Bulletin of the American Numismatic and Archaeological Society 14, no. 4 (1880): 87-88.

17) Sketch of the Life of the Rev. Josiah Brewer; Missionary to the Greeks (n.p., 1880)."

18) "On the origin of ν movable in Greek." PAPA 12 (1881). p. 22.

18). "Prohibition not Desirable." New Englander and Yale Review, Vol. IX (1885). No. V. pp. 706–720.

19) "The word election in American politics." PAPA 17 (1886). p. 7.

20). "New Words from 'The Prophet of the Great Smoky Mountains.'" The Independent 39, no. 2023 (September 15, 1887): 6–7.

21). "Register of New Words." Transactions of the American Philological Association (1869-1896) 19 (1888): 79-82. 

22). "A new word: arbutus," PAPA 19 (1888). p. 27

23). "Thirteen Amended Spellings," Iowa Normal Monthly. 11, no. 9 (April 1888): pp. 368–369.

23). “Archæology.” The Classical Review 3, no. 10 (1889): 477–79. Review of the book Catalogue of Greek Coins. Corinth, Colonies of Corinth, etc.

Sources
1). New-Haven Ladies' Greek Association. First annual report of the New-Haven Ladies' Greek Association. Printed by N. Whiting, 1831. Sabin Americana: History of the Americas, 1500-1926.

2). Report of the Quadragintennial Meeting together with a Biographical and Statistical Record of the Class of 1852, Yale College, 1887-1892.  Montpelier, Argus and Patriot Book and Job Printing house.

3). Kelly, Brooks Mather. Yale: A History. Yale University Press, 1974.  p. 219.

4). Pierce, Frederick Clifton.  Field Genealogy.  Hammond Press, Chicago, 1901.  p. 417-418.

5). Zipf, Karin L. "Among These American Heathens": Congregationalist Missionaries and African American Evangelicals during Reconstruction, 1865-1878." The North Carolina Historical Review 74, no. 2 (1997): 111-34.

6). 1860; Census Place: New Haven Ward 2, New Haven, Connecticut; Page: 225; Family History Library Film: 803086

7). 1870; Census Place: Chapel Hill, Orange, North Carolina; Roll: M593_1153; Page: 148B; Family History Library Film: 552652

8). 1880; Census Place: Grinnell, Poweshiek, Iowa; Roll: 362; Page: 525C; Enumeration District: 190

9). "Riot."  Wheeling daily intelligencer, March 7, 1856, p. 3.

10). The Evansville daily journal, March 7, 1856, p. 3.

11). "Riot at Yale College."  Alexandria gazette, March 8, 1856, p. 2.

12). "Washington Public School."   The tri-weekly standard, June 28, 1866, p. 2.

13). "Our Raleigh Correspondent."  Wilmington journal, July 17, 1868, p. 3.

14). Chapman, John Kenyon (2006).  Black Freedom and the University of North Carolina, 1793-1960. [Dissertation]. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

15). "Our Raleigh Correspondence"  Wilmington journal, January 15, 1869, Image 2.

16). "The University."  The weekly North-Carolina standard, January 6, 1869, p. 3.

17). The weekly North-Carolina standard, January 13, 1869, p. 1.

18). The Hillsborough recorder, November 29, 1871, p. 2.

19) The Tarboro' southerner, April 20, 1871, p. 3.

20). Wilmington journal, January 17, 1873, p. 2.

21). "Nominations by the President."  Evening star, December 6, 1871, p. 1.

22). Wilmington journal, August 11, 1871, p. 4.

23). The Hillsborough recorder, November 29, 1871, p. 2.

24). Seymour, Thomas D.  Bulletin of the School of Classical Studies at Athens: The First Twenty Years of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens.  (Norwood Press, Norwood, Mass, 1902).

25). "Hotel Arrivals."  The daily phoenix, September 6, 1873, p. 2.

26). "The South Carolina University" The Camden journal, October 16, 1873, p. 2.

26). "Coming Events Cast Their Shadows, &c. Brewer Packs His Carpet-Bag!" Wilmington Journal [Wilmington, NC]. October 24, 1873. p. 2.

26). "The Latest Grecian Bend." Daily Sentinel [Raleigh, NC]. October 25, 1872. p. 3.

27). The daily phoenix, October 26, 1873, p. 1.

28). "The Legislature"  The Democrat., February 14, 1889, p. 1

29).  The state chronicle, March 8, 1893, p. 4.

30). "Resolutions."  The progressive farmer, February 12, 1895, p.  5,

31). "William F. Brewer dies in California"  The Chapel Hill weekly, July 10, 1963, B, p. 8-B.

32). Proceedings of the Annual Third Session of the American Philological Association (S. W. Green, Printer, New York, 1872).

33). Proceedings of the Annual Fifth Session of the American Philological Association (Case, Lockwood & Brainard, Printers, Hartford, 1873).

34). Proceedings of the Annual Sixth Session of the American Philological Association (Case, Lockwood & Brainard, Printers, Hartford, 1874).

35). Proceedings of the Annual Seventh Session of the American Philological Association (Case, Lockwood & Brainard, Printers, Hartford, 1875).

36). Proceedings of the Annual Eighth Session of the American Philological Association (Press of the Case, Lockwood & Brainard Company, Hartford, 1876).

37). Proceedings of the Annual Thirteenth Session of the American Philological Association (John Wilson and Son University Press, Cambridge, 1881).

38). "What Was the Rose of Sharon?" Science 8, no. 204 (1886): 632.

39). "Select Minutes of Meetings of the Society." Journal of the American Oriental Society 6 (1858): 577-87.

40. "Proceedings at Boston, May 21st, 1879." Journal of the American Oriental Society 11 (1885): Vi-Xiii. 

41). "Proceedings at Boston, May 21st, 1873." Journal of the American Oriental Society 10 (1872): Lxi-xx.

42). "Proceedings at Boston, May 29th, 1878." Journal of the American Oriental Society 10 (1872): Cxli-lxxi. 

43). "Select Minutes of Meetings of the Society." Journal of the American Oriental Society 6 (1858): 577-87.

44). "Proceedings. Princeton, October 15th and 16th, 1862." Journal of the American Oriental Society 7 (1860): Lv-Lx. 

45). "Proceedings at Boston, May 20th, 1874." Journal of the American Oriental Society 10 (1872): Lxxix-Xci. 

46). "Proceedings of the American Oriental Society. New Haven, October 17th and 18th, 1860." Journal of the American Oriental Society 7 (1860): I-Viii. 

47). "Appendix: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Session, Ithaca, 1886." Transactions of the American Philological Association (1869-1896) 17 (1886): I-Lx. 

48). "Appendix: Proceedings of Nineteenth Annual Session, Burlington, 1887." Transactions of the American Philological Association (1869-1896) 18 (1887): I-Lix. 

49). Nollen, John Scholte. Grinnell College (State Historical Society of Iowa, Iowa City, 1953).

50). The American Freedman vol. 1, No. 3 (1866): 43.

51). "Appendix: Proceedings of Twenty-Second Annual Session, Norwich, Conn., 1890." Transactions of the American Philological Association (1869-1896) 21 (1890): I-Lxv. 

52) Fourth Annual Report of the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale. Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor: New Haven (1869). p. 36

53) Obituary Record of Graduates of Yale College Deceased from June, 1870 to June, 1880. Presented at the Annual Meetings of the Alumni, 1870-1880. Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor, New Haven (1880). 

pp. 580-581.

Thanks to Dan Kaiser for correcting an error in the spelling of "Magoun" and the citation for CHECK THIS.